![]() Lebedeva, “Microbiological and micromorphological characteristics of extremely arid desert soils in the Ili Depression (Kazakhstan),” Eurasian Soil Sci. Shorkunov, “Bacterial communities in the soils of cryptogamic barrens of East Antarctica (the Larsemann Hills and Thala Hills oases),” Eurasian Soil Sci. Gerasimova, Classification and Diagnostic System of Russian Soils (Oikumena, Smolensk, 2004). Barantsevich, “Microbial communities in the area of Arcic settlements,” Gig. Kirtsideli, “Microscopic fungi in soils of the Heiss Island (Franz Josef Land),” Nov. Kirtsideli, “Soil and ground micromycetes from the Northeastern Land Island (Spitsbergen Archipelago),” Mikol. Osokin, “Monitoring of CO 2 fluxes in Svalbard: land use alters the gas exchange in the Arctic tundra,” Izv. Kraev, “Human footprints on greenhouse gas fluxes in cryogenic ecosystems,” Dokl. Zamolodchikov, Carbon Exchange in Cryogenic Ecosystems (Nauka, Moscow, 2008). ![]() Isaev, “A microbiological characterization of the permafrost soil of the Tit-Ary Island (Yakutia),” Contemp. Zvyagintsev, Practical Manual on Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry (Moscow State University, Moscow, 1991), p. Zmitrovich, “Fungi of the Franz Joseph Land Archipelago,” Tr. Myazin, “Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of tundra soils on the Rybachii Peninsula,” Eurasian Soil Sci. Umarov, “The role of microorganisms in the ecological functions of soils,” Eurasian Soil Sci. ![]() Mergelov, “Soils of Franz Joseph Land: geography, morphogenetic features, classification, and role in carbon cycle,” in Materials of the Multiple Scientific-Educational Expedition “Arctic Floating University–2015” (Kira, Arkhangelsk, 2017), pp. Drachkova (Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, 2015), pp. Levandovskaya, “Soil-geochemical features of the coastal and island geosystems in extreme conditions of Arctic,” in Materials of the Complex Scientific-Educational Expedition “Arctic Floating University–2015”, Ed. Goryachkin, Soil Cover of the North: Structure, Genesis, Ecology, and Evolution (GEOS, Moscow, 2010). Popova, “Evaluation of ecological state and heavy metal pollution degree of Arctic soils,” Vestn. Kapaevskaya, and A. E. Ivanova, “Tolerance of microorganisms of extreme xerophytic ecotopes to the impact of inactivating factors,” Izv. Sizova, “Micromycetes in soils of arctic tundra ecosystems,” Pochvovedenie, No. The studied soils are close to the soils of the Arctic tundra when compared by their carbon stocks and CO 2 emission values however, their microbial biomass values and their distribution are close to the soils of Antarctica and hot deserts.Į. The levels of СО 2 emission from the surface of undisturbed soils varied in the range of 1.6–91.7 mg C–CО 2/m 2 per hour and differed by tens of times between barrens and tundra areas. The share of microbial carbon in the total organic carbon was higher in soils of barrens (the most extreme habitats among the studied ones) as compared with the soils of local tundra areas (12.7 versus 2.5%, respectively). The fungal biomass decreased exponentially with the depth of horizons, and at the same time the share of prokaryotes in microbial biomass increased by several times. The maximum development of fungi was observed in the lichen biocrusts and moss litters. The length of the fungal mycelium ranged from 4 to 272 m/g of soil. Spores and mycelium were mainly represented by small forms with a diameter of up to 2–3 microns. The share of spores was more than a half of the total fungal biomass in 80% of cases. The fungal biomass varied from tens to hundreds of mg/g of soil depending on the type of soil and biotope. The number of prokaryotes varied between 0.14 and 2.10 billion cells/g of soil, and the maximum values of their biomass were found in the litter. The highest carbon stocks were found in the Eutric Leptosols (Loamic, Humic) formed in the wind-sheltered areas (23.2 kg C/m 2 in the upper 50 cm), as well as in Turbic Cryosols (Humiс) that contained organic matter buried by cryoturbation (13.7–20.7 kg C/m 2). The biomass of prokaryotes and fungi, organic carbon stocks, and CO 2 emission were studied in the Cryosols and Leptosols of Franz Josef Land.
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